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Earnings and Income of U.S. Women and Men

  • The median annual earnings for full-time, year-round women workers in 2010 was $36,931 compared to men’s $47,715.1
  • In 2012, the median weekly earnings for full-time working women was $691, compared to $854 for men.2
  • In 2012, the median weekly earnings for women in full-time management, professional, and related occupations was $951, compared to $1,328 for men.
  • In 2011, full-time working married women with spouses present had median usual weekly earnings of $741, somewhat higher than never married women ($595) or women of other marital status (divorced, separated, or widowed - $662).
  • In 2011, full-time working married men with spouses present had median usual weekly earnings of $955, significantly higher than never married men ($614) or men of other marital status ($804).3
  • In 2012, Asian women who were full-time wage and salary workers had higher median weekly earnings than women of all other races/ethnicities as well as African-American and Latino men.
  • Education is a factor in income – statistics show that higher degrees lead to higher median salaries. For full-time workers data below, men earn more than women in each category.4
EARNINGS BY DEGREE AND SEX
Degree Median weekly earnings, women Median weekly earnings, men
Doctoral $1,371 $1,734
Professional $1,415 $1,836
Master’s $1,125 $1,515
Bachelor’s $930 $1,199
Associate’s $682 $880
High school graduate, no college $554 $720
 
  • Earnings for women with college degrees have increased by 30.8% since 1979 (on an inflation-adjusted basis) compared to a 16.3% increase for male college graduates.5
  • Between 1969-70 and 2009-2010, the percent of bachelor’s degrees earned by women rose from 43.1% to 57.2%, and by 2020-2021, they are projected to increase to 58.0%.6
  • Between 1969-70 and 2009-2010, the percent of master’s degrees earned by women rose from 38.8% to 60.3%, and by 2020-2021, they are projected to increase to 60.7%.7
  • Between 1969-70 and 2009-2010, the percent of doctoral degrees earned by women rose from 9.6% to 51.7%, and by 2020-2021, they are projected to increase to 53.8%.8
  • Between 1980 and 2011, the percent of women 25 and over with four or more years of college rose from 13.6% to 30.1%.9

Economics of Marriage

The Pew Research Center looked at marriage and earnings data for women and men in the U.S. ages 30-44 in 2007. The study found that in recent decades, the economic gains usually associated with marriage have been greater for men than for women. Women outpaced men in education and earnings growth, leading to "gender role reversals" in marriage’s economic benefits.10

  • In 2007, median household incomes for married women, married men, and unmarried women were about 60% higher than those of their counterparts in 1970. For unmarried men, however, the rise in median household income was 16%.11
  • Women’s earnings grew 44% from 1970 to 2007, compared with 6% growth for men.12
  • The percentage of women earning more than their husbands increased to 22% in 2007 from 4% in 1970.13

Wage Gap in the United States

  • Based on median annual earnings for full-time, year-round workers, women earned 77.4% of men’s earnings in 2010.14
  • Based on the median weekly earnings for full-time workers, (which excludes self-employed and full-time workers who work only part of the year), in 2012 women earned 80.9% as much as men.15
    • In 1979, women earned 62.3% as much as men.16
  • The earnings difference between women and men varies with age, with younger women more closely approaching pay equity than older women (2011, median weekly earnings), for full-time wage and salary workers.17
PAY EQUITY BY AGE
Age Groups Women’s % of Men’s Earnings
20-24 93.2%
25-34 92.3%
35-44 78.5%
45-54 76.0%
55-64 75.1%
65+ 80.9%

 

  • The gender wage gap also varies by industry. The biggest wage gap in the U.S. is in the Financial Activities industry, with women earning 70.5 cents for every dollar men make.18

 

  • Male doctors make $12,000 more per year than female doctors.19
  • The wage gap between women and men was widest for whites and Asians in 2011.20
 

 

Wage Gap Theories and Research

Although Bureau of Labor Statistics shows that women’s median earnings are less than men’s, the reasons behind the gap are highly debated. Some studies state that the gap can be explained to a large extent by non-discriminatory factors and are based on a division of labor in the home that relies more heavily on women than on men. Women are more likely than men to have interrupted careers, taking time off for family reasons (i.e., child care or elder care), and are more likely to work part-time. Women tend to be employed in "helping" and support professions, positions that are not considered comparable in pay to men’s work. Women also tend to be clustered in lower-paying positions.21 Women also have fewer incentives to invest in market-based formal education and on-the-job training, and may avoid jobs that demand large investment in skills.22

Meanwhile, further studies have found that a significant wage gap exists between women and men even when expected factors like family and labor force experience were eliminated and look toward systemic discrimination as one of the explanations.23

Catalyst research has found that women MBA were being paid, on average, $4,600 less in their first job than men. This is after taking into account number of years prior experience, time since MBA, job level, global region, industry, and even parenthood.24

The Institute for Women’s Policy Research finds that women earn far less than what men earn when measured over many years instead of over one year. Using what they see as a more inclusive 15-year time frame and taking into account women’s lower work hours and their years with zero earnings due to family care, the report that women workers in their prime earning years earned 62% less than men, or only $0.38 for every dollar men earned. During that 15-year period, the average woman earned only $273,592 (in 1999 dollars) while the average man earned $722,693 (in 1999 dollars). During that 15-year period, the more likely women are to be married and have children under 18, the more likely it is that they will be low earners and have fewer hours in the labor market. The opposite is true for men: Men who are married and have dependent children are more likely to have higher earnings and work longer hours.25

Earnings and Income of Canadian Women and Men

  • For full-time workers in 2011, women earned 82.6% of men’s earnings, based on average weekly wages. In 1997, the wage gap was 77.2% for full-time workers.26
PAY EQUITY IN CANADA
Year Women's Earnings as a % of Men's Earnings for Full-Time Workers
1997 77.2%
2000 76.6%
2005 79.8%
2010 81.6%
2011 82.6%

 

  • For all workers, including full- and part-time, women earned 75.6% of men’s earnings in 2011, based on average weekly wages.27
  • In Canada, 18% of dual-earner wives are now their families' primary breadwinners when measured in hourly earnings, bringing in more than 55% of the household income.28
    • This is up from 14% in 1997.29

Gender Pay Gap Globally

  • Gaps in earnings of women and men vary from country to country. Korea and Japan have the highest gender wage gap, at 39% difference and 28% difference between women and men’s salaries. Hungary is the lowest with 4%.30

 

 

 

 

 

Wage Gap by Industry for Select Countries

 

THE AMERICAS

BRAZIL

 

 

 

 

CANADA
  • In 2010, the female to male median earnings ratio was 77.6 and the female to male average earnings ratio was 73.6.31
    • In 2000, the female to male median earnings ratio was 71.7, and the female to male average earnings ratio was 70.632
MEXICO

 

 

 

ASIA-PACIFIC

AUSTRALIA

 

 

 
 
JAPAN

 

 

 
 

MIDDLE EAST

EGYPT
 
 

How to cite this product: Catalyst. Catalyst Quick Take: Women's Earnings and Income. New York: Catalyst, 2013.

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